| Introduction :: Indonesia |
Background:
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| The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Indonesia's first free parliamentary election after decades of repressive rule took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third-largest democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for past human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist movement in Papua. |
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Location:
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| Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
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Geographic coordinates:
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5 00 S, 120 00 E
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Map references:
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Area:
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total: 1,904,569 sq km
country comparison to the world: 23
land:
1,811,569 sq km
water:
93,000 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly less than three times the size of Texas
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,830 km
border countries:
Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
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Coastline:
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54,716 km
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Maritime claims:
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measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea:
12 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
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Climate:
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tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
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Terrain:
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mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
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Land use:
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arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops:
7.04%
other:
81.93% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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45,000 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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2,838 cu km (1999)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%)
per capita:
372 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
Marine Life Conservation
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Geography - note:
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archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean |
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Population:
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| 240,271,522 (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 28.1% (male 34,337,341/female 33,162,207)
15-64 years:
66% (male 79,549,569/female 78,918,321)
65 years and over:
6% (male 6,335,208/female 7,968,876) (2009 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 27.6 years
male:
27.1 years
female:
28.1 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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1.136% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
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Birth rate:
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18.84 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
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Death rate:
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6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
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Net migration rate:
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-1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 52% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
3.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.8 male(s)/female
total population:
1 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 29.97 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 74
male:
34.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
24.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 70.76 years
country comparison to the world: 137
male:
68.26 years
female:
73.38 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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2.31 children born/woman (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.2% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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270,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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8,700 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases:
chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria
note:
highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
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Nationality:
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noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective:
Indonesian
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Ethnic groups:
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Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)
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Religions:
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Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)
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Languages:
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Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
90.4%
male:
94%
female:
86.8% (2004 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 11 years
male:
12 years
female:
11 years (2005)
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Education expenditures:
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3.6% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 127
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