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Background:
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The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing financial sector reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist guerilla movement in Papua.
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Location:
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Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
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Geographic coordinates:
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5 00 S, 120 00 E
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Map references:
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Area:
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total: 1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly less than three times the size of Texas
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,830 km
border countries: Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
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Coastline:
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54,716 km
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Maritime claims:
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measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
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Climate:
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tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
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Terrain:
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mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
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Land use:
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arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops: 7.04%
other: 81.93% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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45,000 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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2,838 cu km (1999)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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Total: 82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%)
Per capita: 372 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
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Population:
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234,693,997 (July 2007 est.)
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 28.7% (male 34,309,176/female 33,148,341)
15-64 years: 65.6% (male 77,132,708/female 76,731,481)
65 years and over: 5.7% (male 5,956,471/female 7,415,820) (2007 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 26.9 years
male: 26.4 years
female: 27.4 years (2007 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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1.213% (2007 est.)
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Birth rate:
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19.65 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
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Death rate:
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6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
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Net migration rate:
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-1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.035 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.005 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.803 male(s)/female
total population: 1.001 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 32.14 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 37.39 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 26.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 70.16 years
male: 67.69 years
female: 72.76 years (2007 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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2.38 children born/woman (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.1% (2003 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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110,000 (2003 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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2,400 (2003 est.)
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya are high risks in some locations
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2007)
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Nationality:
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noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
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Ethnic groups:
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Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)
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Religions:
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Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)
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Languages:
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Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.4%
male: 94%
female: 86.8% (2004 est.)
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This page was last updated on 24 January, 2008
- The Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook - |
