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Background:
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Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919. A brief experiment in democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 Communist counter-coup. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to support the tottering Afghan Communist regime, touching off a long and destructive war. The USSR withdrew in 1989 under relentless pressure by internationally supported anti-Communist mujahedin rebels. Subsequently, a series of civil wars saw Kabul finally fall in 1996 to the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that emerged in 1994 to end the country's civil war and anarchy. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in New York City, a US, Allied, and anti-Taliban Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Osama BIN LADIN. The UN-sponsored Bonn Conference in 2001 established a process for political reconstruction that included the adoption of a new constitution and a presidential election in 2004, and National Assembly elections in 2005. On 7 December 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan. The National Assembly was inaugurated on 19 December 2005.
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Location:
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Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran
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Geographic coordinates:
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33 00 N, 65 00 E
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Map references:
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Area:
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total: 647,500 sq km
land: 647,500 sq km
water: 0 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Texas
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Land boundaries:
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total: 5,529 km
border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km
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Coastline:
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0 km (landlocked)
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Maritime claims:
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none (landlocked)
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Climate:
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arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
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Terrain:
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mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m
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Natural resources:
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natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones
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Land use:
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arable land: 12.13%
permanent crops: 0.21%
other: 87.66% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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27,200 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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65 cu km (1997)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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Total: 23.26 cu km/yr (2%/0%/98%)
Per capita: 779 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts
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Environment - current issues:
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limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials); desertification; air and water pollution
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
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Geography - note:
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landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)
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Population:
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31,889,923 (July 2007 est.)
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 44.6% (male 7,282,600/female 6,940,378)
15-64 years: 53% (male 8,668,170/female 8,227,387)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 374,426/female 396,962) (2007 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 17.6 years
male: 17.6 years
female: 17.6 years (2007 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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2.625% (2007 est.)
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Birth rate:
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46.21 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
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Death rate:
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19.96 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
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Net migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.049 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.054 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.943 male(s)/female
total population: 1.049 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 157.43 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 161.81 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 152.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 43.77 years
male: 43.6 years
female: 43.96 years (2007 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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6.64 children born/woman (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.01% (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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NA
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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NA
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk countrywide below 2,000 meters from March through November
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2007)
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Nationality:
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noun: Afghan(s)
adjective: Afghan
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Ethnic groups:
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Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
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Religions:
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Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 19%, other 1%
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Languages:
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Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashto (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 28.1%
male: 43.1%
female: 12.6% (2000 est.)
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This page was last updated on 24 January, 2008
- The Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook - |
