Background:
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| As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro. |
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Location:
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| Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark
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Geographic coordinates:
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51 00 N, 9 00 E
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Map references:
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Area:
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total: 357,022 sq km
country comparison to the world: 69
land:
348,672 sq km
water:
8,350 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Montana
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Land boundaries:
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total: 3,621 km
border countries:
Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km
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Coastline:
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2,389 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
continental shelf:
200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
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Climate:
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temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
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Terrain:
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lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.54 m
highest point:
Zugspitze 2,963 m
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Natural resources:
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coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land
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Land use:
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arable land: 33.13%
permanent crops:
0.6%
other:
66.27% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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4,850 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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188 cu km (2005)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 38.01 cu km/yr (12%/68%/20%)
per capita:
460 cu m/yr (2001)
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Natural hazards:
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flooding
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Environment - current issues:
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emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea |
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Population:
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| 82,329,758 (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 13.7% (male 5,768,366/female 5,470,516)
15-64 years:
66.1% (male 27,707,761/female 26,676,759)
65 years and over:
20.3% (male 7,004,805/female 9,701,551) (2009 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 43.8 years
male:
42.6 years
female:
45.2 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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-0.053% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 212
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Birth rate:
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8.18 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 221
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Death rate:
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10.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
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Net migration rate:
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2.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 74% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
0.1% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.72 male(s)/female
total population:
0.97 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 3.99 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 210
male:
4.41 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
3.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 79.26 years
country comparison to the world: 32
male:
76.26 years
female:
82.42 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.41 children born/woman (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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53,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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fewer than 500 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
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Nationality:
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noun: German(s)
adjective:
German
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Ethnic groups:
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German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)
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Religions:
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Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or other 28.3%
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Languages:
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German
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
99%
male:
99%
female:
99% (2003 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 16 years
male:
16 years
female:
16 years (2006)
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Education expenditures:
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4.6% of GDP (2004)
country comparison to the world: 82
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People - note:
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second most populous country in Europe after Russia |
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