Background:
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| Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under Communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004. |
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Location:
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| Central Europe, northwest of Romania
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Geographic coordinates:
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47 00 N, 20 00 E
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Map references:
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Area:
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total: 93,028 sq km
country comparison to the world: 116
land:
89,608 sq km
water:
3,420 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Indiana
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,185 km
border countries:
Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia 166 km, Slovakia 676 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km
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Coastline:
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0 km (landlocked)
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Maritime claims:
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none (landlocked)
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Climate:
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temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
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Terrain:
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mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Tisza River 78 m
highest point:
Kekes 1,014 m
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Natural resources:
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bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
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Land use:
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arable land: 49.58%
permanent crops:
2.06%
other:
48.36% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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2,300 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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120 cu km (2005)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 21.03 cu km/yr (9%/59%/32%)
per capita:
2,082 cu m/yr (2001)
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Environment - current issues:
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the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions |
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Population:
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| 9,905,596 (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 15% (male 763,553/female 720,112)
15-64 years:
69.3% (male 3,384,961/female 3,475,135)
65 years and over:
15.8% (male 566,067/female 995,768) (2009 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 39.4 years
male:
37.1 years
female:
42 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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-0.257% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 221
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Birth rate:
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9.51 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 206
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Death rate:
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12.94 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
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Net migration rate:
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0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 68% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
0.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.57 male(s)/female
total population:
0.91 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 7.86 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 163
male:
8.57 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
7.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 73.44 years
country comparison to the world: 106
male:
69.27 years
female:
77.87 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.35 children born/woman (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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3,300 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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fewer than 100 (2001 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases:
tickborne encephalitis (2009)
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Nationality:
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noun: Hungarian(s)
adjective:
Hungarian
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Ethnic groups:
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Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001 census)
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Religions:
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Roman Catholic 51.9%, Calvinist 15.9%, Lutheran 3%, Greek Catholic 2.6%, other Christian 1%, other or unspecified 11.1%, unaffiliated 14.5% (2001 census)
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Languages:
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Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
99.4%
male:
99.5%
female:
99.3% (2003 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 15 years
male:
15 years
female:
16 years (2006)
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Education expenditures:
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5.5% of GDP (2005)
country comparison to the world: 48
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