Background:
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| The site of advanced Amerindian civilizations, Mexico came under Spanish rule for three centuries before achieving independence early in the 19th century. A devaluation of the peso in late 1994 threw Mexico into economic turmoil, triggering the worst recession in over half a century. The nation had been making an impressive recovery until the global financial crisis hit in late 2008. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, underemployment for a large segment of the population, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely Amerindian population in the impoverished southern states. The elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON. In January 2009, Mexico assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2009-10 term. |
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Location:
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| Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States
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Geographic coordinates:
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23 00 N, 102 00 W
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Area:
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total: 1,964,375 sq km
country comparison to the world: 22
land:
1,943,945 sq km
water:
20,430 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly less than three times the size of Texas
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Land boundaries:
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total: 4,353 km
border countries:
Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,141 km
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Coastline:
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9,330 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
continental shelf:
200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
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Climate:
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varies from tropical to desert
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Terrain:
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high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m
highest point:
Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
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Land use:
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arable land: 12.66%
permanent crops:
1.28%
other:
86.06% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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63,200 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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457.2 cu km (2000)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 78.22 cu km/yr (17%/5%/77%)
per capita:
731 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts
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Environment - current issues:
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scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion
note:
the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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strategic location on southern border of US; corn (maize), one of the world's major grain crops, is thought to have originated in Mexico |
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Population:
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| 111,211,789 (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 29.1% (male 16,544,223/female 15,861,141)
15-64 years:
64.6% (male 34,734,571/female 37,129,793)
65 years and over:
6.2% (male 3,130,518/female 3,811,543) (2009 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 26.3 years
male:
25.3 years
female:
27.3 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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1.13% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
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Birth rate:
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19.71 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
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Death rate:
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4.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 194
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Net migration rate:
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-3.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 157
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 77% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
1.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.82 male(s)/female
total population:
0.96 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 18.42 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 113
male:
20.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
16.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 76.06 years
country comparison to the world: 71
male:
73.25 years
female:
79 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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2.34 children born/woman (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.3% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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200,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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11,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease:
dengue fever
water contact disease:
leptospirosis (2009)
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Nationality:
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noun: Mexican(s)
adjective:
Mexican
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Ethnic groups:
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mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%
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Religions:
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Roman Catholic 76.5%, Protestant 6.3% (Pentecostal 1.4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.1%, other 3.8%), other 0.3%, unspecified 13.8%, none 3.1% (2000 census)
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Languages:
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Spanish only 92.7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous only 0.8%, unspecified 0.8%; note - indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages (2005)
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
91%
male:
92.4%
female:
89.6% (2004 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 13 years
male:
14 years
female:
13 years (2006)
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Education expenditures:
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5.5% of GDP (2005)
country comparison to the world: 49
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